Skin Cancer Foundation helps children stay sun-safe at school

Because many schools don?t allow students to use sunscreen or wear a hat outdoors during the school day without written permission from a physician, The Skin Cancer Foundation has created a sun protection form that parents and doctors can sign, allowing students to bring these items to school, apply and use as needed. The form is available at www.skincancer.org/schoolnote.

?Every child should have access to proper sun protection at school,? says Perry Robins, MD, President of The Skin Cancer Foundation. ?Alarmingly, California is the only state with legislation that gives children the right to take sun protection measures at school. Given the absence of similar legislation in other states, the Foundation hopes to fill this void by providing parents with the necessary means to ensure their children stay safe in the sun at school.?

During a typical school day, it?s not unusual for children to receive a significant amount of sun exposure. Children in elementary school typically have outdoor recess between 10:00am and 2:00pm, a time when the sun is especially intense.

Proper sun protection in childhood can drastically reduce the risk of developing skin cancer as an adult. Suffering just one blistering sunburn in childhood or adolescence more than doubles a person?s risk of developing melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, later in life.

The Skin Cancer Foundation has always recommended that everyone, regardless of age and skin color, adopt a complete sun protection regimen. At school, children should be able to cover-up with protective clothing, including broad-brimmed hats and UV-blocking sunglasses. Additionally, they should wear a broad-spectrum SPF 15 sunscreen every day, and be allowed to bring it to school for easy reapplication.

The Skin Cancer Foundation?s sun protection form ensures that children have access to recommended sun safety measures. The Skin Cancer Foundation strives to educate children about the dangers of skin cancer and the need for early detection and prevention.

The Foundation recently debuted Sun Smart U, an interactive education program that includes a robust website for teachers and a free downloadable lesson plan.

Sun Smart U was designed in accordance with national health standards for middle and high school students and may be particularly useful to health and physical education teachers.

Through Sun Smart U, students learn about the dangers of tanning through the real-life story of a young woman with Stage III melanoma, and the importance of incorporating a proper sun protection regimen into their everyday lifestyles.?

For more information, visit www.skincancer.org/education.

Source: http://www.timespub.com/2012/10/22/skin-cancer-foundation-helps-children-stay-sun-safe-at-school/

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Claim of first human stem cell trial unravels

It has been a crazy week for stem cell research. After the high of a Nobel prize for Japan's Shinya Yamanaka, the pioneer of cellular reprogramming, events took an alarming and surreal turn when a little-known compatriot ? Hisashi Moriguchi ? claimed to have already run a clinical trial in which similarly reprogrammed cells were injected into people.

But Moriguchi's claims quickly unravelled. "I have not found a single person to say anything concrete indicating that this has really happened," says Paul Knoepfler, a stem cell researcher at the University of California, Davis, who tracked the unfolding story on his blog.

In a poster presented at a meeting of the New York Stem Cell Foundation, Moriguchi ? who claimed to work at Harvard Medical School and the University of Tokyo ? described results from a trial in which cardiac muscle cells were grown from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and transplanted into six US patients with severe heart failure.

The Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper ? Japan's biggest ? splashed the story, based on an interview with Moriguchi, who claimed he had received ethical approval from Harvard Medical School's Institutional Review Board (IRB).

This was surprising, given the safety concerns that surround iPS cells ? adult cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic state. Support for the claim quickly disintegrated: within hours, Harvard released a statement noting that Moriguchi had no current affiliation with the university, nor any ethical approval to run a clinical trial.

Moriguchi's poster describing the clinical trial was taken down after the New York Stem Cell Foundation learned of Harvard's statement ? but a summary was published on Knoepfler's blog. This suggested an improvement of 41.5 per cent in "ejection fraction" ? a measure of heart output ? in patients whose hearts were injected with iPS-derived cells, compared to 4.1 per cent in a placebo group.

That would have been an astonishing claim, says Michael Laflamme at the University of Washington in Seattle, who is working to develop cell therapies for heart attack: "I'm not aware of any clinical trial that reported anything of this magnitude."

Indeed, similar studies involving adult stem cells have typically found improvements of less than 5 per cent (European Journal of Hearth Failure, doi.org/crq5k6).

Moriguchi did not respond to emails from New Scientist. But on Saturday he admitted to reporters that for five of the patients he was actually describing "planned" procedures. Still, Moriguchi maintained that he had transplanted cells into one patient at an unidentified hospital in Boston.

New Scientist's enquiries raise further questions about Moriguchi's work. In papers published earlier this year, he described experiments on freezing human ovarian tissue (Scientific Reports, doi.org/jht), and a remarkable claim to be able to eliminate liver tumour cells using a reprogramming technique (Scientific Reports, doi.org/jhv). Both gave Harvard and University of Tokyo affiliations, and claimed ethical approval from each institution.

Affiliation questions

The University of Tokyo told Nature News that Moriguchi was a visiting researcher in the cosmetic surgery department.

According to Harvard, Moriguchi has not worked there since a brief appointment as a visiting fellow at the Massachusetts General Hospital, which is affiliated with Harvard Medical School, from 1999 to 2000.

The Nature Publishing Group, which publishes Scientific Reports, says it is now "investigating the issues that have arisen around academic affiliation and IRB approval".

In 2010, Moriguchi claimed to have invented a method to create iPS cells using just two chemicals, rather than a combination of genetic factors, as used by Yamanaka and others. This bold claim was made in a short correspondence (Hepatology, doi.org/fhwxbd), rather than a full paper ? and has never been verified.

"I know of no lab, despite huge efforts worldwide, that has yet succeeded in deriving iPS cells with chemicals alone," says George Daley of the Children's Hospital Boston.

Veracity doubts

Raymond Chung of the Massachusetts General Hospital, who advised Moriguchi on preparing that note and is named as a co-author, said in a statement issued through the hospital that he is "no longer confident in Dr Moriguchi's veracity". The statement added that Chung was unaware until this week that Moriguchi had also listed him as co-author of a book chapter describing the method.

Chifumi Sato of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, the other author on the Hepatology correspondence, says that Moriguchi had told him that he was working in the US with Chung and other collaborators.

Meanwhile, Nature's news blog has pointed out that two images in Moriguchi's publications, purportedly illustrating his own work, seem remarkably similar to images on the website of the Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago, and from a paper by Yamanaka.

In the light of the fallout from its story, the Yomiuri Shimbun has published a front page apology, and has promised an in-house investigation.

Given concerns that iPS-derived cells may be prone to becoming cancerous, Knoepfler says that the best outcome would be if the entire story is a fantasy. "I really hope Moriguchi did not do these transplants," he says. "That would be really disturbing."

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Former Senator Arlen Specter, 82, dies of cancer

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Arlen Specter, a gruff, independent-minded moderate who spent three decades in the U.S. Senate but was spurned by Pennsylvania voters after switching in 2009 from Republican to Democrat, died on Sunday of cancer, his family said. He was 82.

Specter had announced in August a recurrence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, cancer of the lymphatic system. His son Shanin Specter confirmed his death in Philadelphia.

Resilient, smart and aggressive, the former prosecutor frequently riled conservatives and liberals on his way to becoming Pennsylvania's longest-serving U.S. senator. He was elected to five six-year terms starting in 1980. He left the Republican Party because he said it had become too conservative.

"Arlen Specter was always a fighter. From his days stamping out corruption as a prosecutor in Philadelphia to his three decades of service in the Senate, Arlen was fiercely independent - never putting party or ideology ahead of the people he was chosen to serve," President Barack Obama said in a statement.

"He brought that same toughness and determination to his personal struggles, using his own story to inspire others," Obama added.

Former President George W. Bush said: "Arlen Specter loved our country and served it with integrity for three decades in the United States Senate."

Specter steered a moderate course during an era when the two major U.S. political parties became increasingly polarized, and often broke with his party. His sometimes testy demeanor and opportunistic maneuvering earned him monikers like "Snarlin' Arlen" and "Specter the Defector."

In 2009, Specter left the Republican Party after 44 years when he concluded he could not win his party's primary in Pennsylvania in 2010 against a conservative challenger. But his bid for re-election in 2010 ended in failure when he was beaten by a liberal challenger for the Democratic nomination.

After President John Kennedy's assassination in 1963, Specter served on the Warren Commission that investigated the shooting, and he helped devise the disputed "single-bullet" theory" that supported the idea of a lone gunman.

During his lengthy Senate career, Specter was crucial in increasing U.S. spending on biomedical research.

He helped get one conservative, Clarence Thomas, confirmed as a Supreme Court justice in 1991, while torpedoing the Supreme Court nomination of another conservative, Robert Bork, in 1987. He infuriated liberals during the Thomas confirmation hearings with prosecutorial questioning of Anita Hill, a law professor who had accused Thomas of sexual harassment. At one point, Specter accused her of "flat-out perjury."

Specter annoyed fellow Republicans by voting "not proven" on impeachment charges against President Bill Clinton in 1999, helping prevent the Democrat from being ousted from office over his affair with a White House intern.

Specter unsuccessfully sought the 1996 Republican presidential nomination. He had several health scares, undergoing open-heart surgery and surgery for a brain tumor, as well as chemotherapy for two bouts of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

In February 2009, a month after the Democrat Obama took office, he became one of three Republican senators to vote for Obama's economic stimulus bill that Specter said was needed to avert a depression like that of the 1930s.

Specter was reviled by some conservatives for giving Obama an important early political victory. In April 2009, Specter at age 79 abandoned the Republicans - saying his party had moved too far to the right - and was welcomed by Obama and Vice President Joe Biden as a Democrat.

Incumbent senators rarely face stiff challenges for their party's nomination for re-election, but Specter barely survived conservative Pat Toomey's challenge in 2004. Pennsylvania Republican primary voters are more conservative than the state's overall electorate, and Specter calculated that he could not win the Republican primary in 2010.

'DECIDED BY THAT JURY'

"I am not prepared to have my 29-year record in the United States Senate decided by the Pennsylvania Republican primary electorate - not prepared to have that record decided by that jury," Specter said in April 2009 in explaining his defection.

In the 2010 Democratic primary, Specter had the support of the Democratic establishment, including Obama, Pennsylvania's governor and labor unions. But liberal challenger Joe Sestak, a retired Navy admiral and two-term congressman, painted Specter as a political contortionist concerned only about himself.

A Sestak TV ad featured a clip of Specter telling a news interviewer: "My change in party will enable me to be re-elected." Sestak thumped Specter in a May 2010 primary.

"He has been a serious and consequential senator for three decades, yet mostly ungenerous words come to mind: driven, tenacious, arrogant, self-righteous, opportunistic," Congress expert Thomas Mann of the Brookings Institution think tank told the New York Times after Specter's defeat.

Toomey, who currently represents Pennsylvania in the Senate, called Specter a man of sharp intelligence and dogged determination, adding: "His impact on our state and public policy will not be forgotten."

Democrat Bob Casey, the other senator from Pennsylvania, said: "Arlen was a statesman and a problem solver who was able to work with Democrats and Republicans in the best interest of our commonwealth and our country."

Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, a Democrat, said Specter was "a man of moderation; he was always passionate, but always easy to work with."

Specter was born in Kansas in 1930 during the Great Depression. His father was a Russian Jewish immigrant who owned a junkyard. Specter moved to Philadelphia at age 17 to attend the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated in 1951, then served in the Air Force before attending Yale Law School.

He was a Democrat until age 35, when the Republicans offered their nomination for district attorney of Philadelphia. He served as the city's district attorney from 1966 to 1974.

He was survived by his wife and two sons.

(Reporting by Will Dunham; Editing by Vicki Allen)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/former-senator-arlen-specter-dies-cancer-reports-171617466.html

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SUPREME COURT NOTEBOOK: Justices as campaign issue (The Arizona Republic)

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Romney accuses Biden of contradicting State Department on Libya

RICHMOND, Virginia (Reuters) - Mitt Romney accused Vice President Joe Biden on Friday of contradicting the testimony of U.S. State Department officials on Libya, in an escalation of the Republican presidential challenger's attacks over the September 11 deaths of four Americans there.

Hoping to puncture President Barack Obama's credibility on foreign policy ahead of the November 6 election, Romney jumped on comments that Biden made on Thursday night during a debate with Romney's vice presidential running mate, Paul Ryan.

When asked whether the U.S. diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya had asked for more security ahead of the attack, Biden said: "Well, we weren't told they wanted more security again. We did not know they wanted more security again."

Two State Department officials gave sworn testimony on Wednesday at a congressional hearing in Washington saying they had repeatedly requested beefed-up security for the compound before U.S. Ambassador Christopher Stevens and three other Americans were killed in the assault at the site on September 11.

"The vice president directly contradicted the sworn testimony of State Department officials," Romney told a campaign rally in Richmond. "He's doubling down on denial."

"When the vice president of the United States directly contradicts the testimony, the sworn testimony of State Department officials, American citizens have a right to find out what's going on," he said.

Romney's campaign is focused on the weak U.S. economy but increasingly he has turned his attention to foreign policy, long considered a strength for Obama because he ordered the mission that killed al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden and is bringing home U.S. troops from unpopular wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Romney, whose solid debate performance against Obama on October 3 halted a slide in the polls and gave him momentum, argues that Obama has projected a weak foreign policy in many ways by alienating allies and not being tough enough over Iran's nuclear ambitions.

Romney has been demanding answers from Obama over the American deaths in Libya. "We're going to find out. And this is a time for us to make sure we do find out," he said.

The former governor of Massachusetts has not always been sure-footed on foreign policy. His initial reaction to the violence in Libya as well as in Egypt was seen as an off-key attempt to politicize a national tragedy, and he drew sharp criticism from Democrats and some Republicans for it.

The comments on Libya during the vice presidential debate may prove to be simply a warm-up act to the next presidential debate, on October 16 at Hofstra University in New York, in which Obama and Romney will go head-to-head for a second time.

Romney's campaign has also sought to make an issue of what the Obama administration knew about what triggered the attack in Libya.

The White House initially said the violence was an impromptu reaction by Muslims upset at a video made in California that insulted the Prophet Mohammad. Days later, the administration publicly called it a terrorist attack on the 11th anniversary of the September 11, 2001, attacks.

"President Obama, this is an issue because Americans wonder why it was it took so long for you and your administration to admit that this was a terrorist attack," Romney told a rally in Asheville, North Carolina, on Thursday night before the debate.

(Editing by Alistair Bell; Editing by Will Dunham)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/romney-accuses-biden-contradicting-state-department-libya-170200984.html

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UK badger cull tentatively supported by science

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Somewhere beneath England's rolling fields, there's a badger with a price on its head. Sometime in the next two weeks, it will likely become the first of hundreds to be shot dead as part of a pilot cull licensed by the UK government to curb the spread of bovine tuberculosis to cattle ? despite the fact that the badgers are protected under UK law.

Farmers in England and Wales are keen to get on with the controversial cull. They have seen the annual slaughter of cattle with bovine TB soar from 6000 in 1998 to 34,000 in 2011, and have long argued that badgers are at least partly responsible. They infect cattle by contaminating pastures, feeding areas, and even the air with Mycobacterium bovis ? the bacteria that causes TB both in badgers and in cows.

Now, for the first time, an independent scientific group has presented evidence in support of a cull ? five years after it suggested that culling would not work.

Worst nightmare

James Small's farm in Somerset has just reopened after a 6-month lockdown triggered when one of his cows tested positive. He says that bovine TB is every cattle farmer's worst nightmare ? both in the UK and elsewhere (see "Possum purge", below).

"It's terrifying. Until the disease has really progressed in your cows, there are no visible signs," he says. "We got the all clear in September after tests for the herd were negative for the necessary 120 days, but the test days were really stressful, not knowing what the vets would find."

Small is relieved that one of two pilot studies to evaluate badger culling is set to go ahead, although his farm lies outside both of the proposed field-trial areas. Others are appalled by the decision. Queen guitarist Brian May launched an online petition to stop the cull, which has amassed 150,000 signatures to date.

Perturbing results

At first glance, the new pilot studies appear to fly in the face of previous science. In 2007, interim conclusions of the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) ? a ?50-million experiment to assess the merits of a badger cull ? suggested that culling would not work. Killing badgers reduced the number of infected cattle herds within the RBCT study area by some 23 per cent compared with unculled areas, but these gains were offset by a 24 per cent rise in herd losses in a 2-kilometre-wide ring surrounding the culled area.

Researchers called this phenomenon the "perturbation effect". Infected badgers in the culling area fled to the sanctuary of the surrounding unculled zone, taking TB with them. So strong was the perturbation effect that the increased herd losses in the peripheral area effectively cancelled out gains within the culled area.

In fact, the 2007 conclusions suggested that just 14 herd infections would have been avoided after a sustained badger cull covering 1000 square kilometres of farmland for five years. But continued monitoring of the same sites where the RBCT took place has changed the picture, strengthening the justification for culling after all.

Persistent benefits

Christl Donnelly, an epidemiologist at Imperial College London, was a member of the team that performed the original 2007 analysis. She has periodically collected data from the study region since 2006. The improvements seen within the study area have persisted.

Between 2006 and 2011 there were 28 per cent fewer TB infections there than might otherwise have been expected. What's more, the boost seen in TB levels in the unculled outer ring was not sustained. In fact, between 2006 and 2011 there were 4 per cent fewer TB cases than expected from controls within the outer ring (PLoS One, doi.org/bb936n).

Armed with the new data, scientists advising the UK government concluded that culling over four years in a hypothetical area of 150 square kilometres ? killing an estimated 1000 to 1500 badgers ? could achieve a net reduction of herd infections of around 16 per cent within nine years. This, they calculated, equates to preventing 47 out of 292 TB infections that would result in a farm being locked down.

"The data that have accumulated have pushed us more towards a position to cull," says Donnelly. At a pivotal meeting in December 2011, scientific experts advising the UK government's Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) on bovine TB concluded that culling might play a role, alongside existing measures to physically exclude badgers from farms, frequently test cattle for TB and restrict movement of affected herds.

Points of view

Not everyone is convinced. Indeed, even Donnelly has reservations. "Is it worth culling so many animals for 16 per cent fewer infected herds? There, you get very different answers depending who you ask."

John Krebs at the University of Oxford headed the team that carried out the original trials. He sees problems with the new conclusions. "The pilot cull is flawed because it aims to remove 70 per cent of badgers without an accurate estimate of the starting number," he says.

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